"The wealth in the new regime is directly derived from innovation, not optimization; that is, wealth is not obtained through perfection, but is obtained by imperfectly grasping the unknown."
Kevin Kelly
allows us to closely focus on the modern development of leadership. According to Georgia Sorenson, author of "The History of Thought in Leadership: The Role of James McGregor Burns," the word "leader" first appeared in the 1300s and originated at the root, meaning "travel." Or "show the road." Leadership is defined after five centuries. Traditionally, management technology and personnel components have caused problems for leaders for centuries.
[From1945to1960leadingschoolsspentmoreenergyinempiricalresearch;howeverfromthe1970sonwardsthisresearchbecametheoreticResearchersandpractitionerstooka"scientific"or"behavioural"approachwhendevelopingstrategiesforthisissueThisiswheretheideaoftheSchoolofManagementevolvesTheSchoolofManagementprovidesatheoreticalframeworkforstudyingleadershipideas
For decades, management gurus have tried to organize and classify information related to management. This is how management schools begin to think. We will discuss the following schools: (a) classical schools, (b) behavioral schools, (c) quantitative or management science schools, (d) system schools, and (e) emergency schools. Let us examine these schools carefully.
ERA Snapshot:
The concept of the classical school began in the 19th century. During this period, more than 90% of Americans live in rural areas. Between 1870 and 1900, rural areas doubled and urban areas tripled. With the transition from rural to industrial society, leaders lack the process of encouraging non-technical employees.
In contrast, the Industrial Revolution purchased most of the new job opportunities filled by immigrants. Although the United States was a place of opportunity in the middle of the 19th century, the industrial elite benefited while the workers lived in harsh environments. Then, this period created a series of new progresses and new problems for the organization leaders.
Classical school
Classical school is the oldest regular school of management thought and usually focuses on ways to more effectively manage work and organization. It can be further divided into three areas: scientific management, administrative management and bureaucratic management. We will briefly discuss these areas and major advocates.
Scientific management began in the eighteenth century. In the past, management decisions were considered arbitrary and workers were slow to operate. The development of scientific management is to create a systematic way to increase efficiency. The main supporters are Frederick W. Taylor, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, and Henry Gantt.
Administration began in the 1940s. Unlike scientific management, administrative management focuses on analysis at work and personal level. It provides a more general management theory. The main supporter is Henri Fayol.
Bureaucratic administration began in the 1920s. Early organizations were oriented by personality and relationships. An organizational form known as bureaucratic management is described as division of labor, hierarchies, formal rules, non-personality, and ability-based employee selection and promotion. The main supporter is Max Weber.
ERA Snapshot:
When the concept of behavior began in the 1930s, the global depression brought about a sudden change in the fun-loving lifestyle of the Roaring 20s. When the socialists declared capitalism dead, Hitler came to power in Germany.
As global communications increase, technology is still evolving. Roosevelt's New Deal brought about strict government intervention in social issues. Unfortunately, this was also the beginning of the Second World War in 1939.
School of Behavior
Because the claims contained in the classical school have weaknesses, the management thought of the behavior school is created. Some people think that the classical school emphasizes efficiency and ignores the behavior of people in the organization.
The School of Behavior focuses on trying to understand the factors that influence human behavior at work. The behavior school is two subgroups, interpersonal and behavioral science.
Human relations can be traced back to the Hawthorne experiment in 1924 and ended in the early 1930s. Hawthorne's experiments found two important findings: a) Workers' attitudes are related to productivity; b) Workplaces are a social system with informal group effects
According to interpersonal schools, managers should have a diagnosis Work on the key skills of human behavioral causes so that he can effectively lead employees.Some of the most famous contributors include Mary Parker Foret, Chester Barnard, Abraham Maslow and Elton Mayo. This school has influenced management theory and practice in areas such as applied psychology.
Behavioral sciences appeared in the 1950s and 1960s. Behavioral science is the natural development of the interpersonal school. The main focus is on the application of theoretical and analytical methods to the understanding and prediction of human behavior in the workplace.
Some of the major contributors include Douglas McGregor, Frederik Herzberger, and Ralph Stegdir. This school is dedicated to several fields such as personality, values, and leadership, and has contributed to management research.
ERA Snapshot:
When the concept of quantization began, it was a decade dominated by World War II, and it was widely regarded as the most destructive war in history. This decade marks the radical The transition period between the 1930s and the conservative 20th century 1950s
Marshall Plan, one of the economic fronts implemented by the United States, wasted billions of dollars for the reconstruction of war-damaged economies. The birth of the first nuclear bomb greatly changed international relations.
Quantitative School
This school appeared in the 1940s. The quantified school goal was through the application of mathematics and Statistical methods to improve the quality of management decisions
This school stems from scientific management.Quantitative schools are divided into three groups: management science, production and operations management.
Management science during World War II The strategist for development attempts to solve problems related to war.Management science uses mathematical and statistical methods to solve management problems.
Management information system and management Science is interrelated and the main supporter is George Dantzig, and today this method is used in industry.One example is a decision support system.
Management and Operations Management
This school Beginning in the 1940s, it focuses on the operation and control of the production process, and its roots are similar to those of management science because of its origins in warfare.Operational management is directed at the productivity and quality of the organization.
The main supporter is W. Edward Deming. Some research areas include computer integrated manufacturing and real-time inventory systems.
ERA Snapshot:
When the system concept began in the 1950s, this decade responded to the return of conservative values
and returned to the 20th century 20 Consumer society of the age. In the 1950s, the conflict with the Eastern European Group and the Soviet Union rose rapidly.
The Cold War has produced arms races, space races, McCarthyism and the Korean War. It also marks the return of [GI] and the baby boom. The unionization rate in the industry is high, and most of the technology supports the Cold War.
During this time, when the Americans entered suburban life, the early American internal issues in the United States, such as women's rights and civil rights, were suppressed. However, suppressing these social issues will have a major impact on the 20th century.
Systems School
This school began to have a strong influence in the 1950s. Systems Academy focuses on understanding the organization as an open system that translates input into output.
Management techniques will allow managers to refer to different professions and parts of the company as well as external factors. In system theory, an organization is defined as a targeted system. The school is based on the work of the biologist Ludwig von Bertram.
ERA Snapshot:
When the concept of emergencies began in the 1960s, this decade was a period of great social change in the country. Many changes reflect the demographic changes brought about by the baby boomers, the peak of the Cold War, and the disintegration of the European colonial empire.
The social revolution, the civil rights movement, the anti-war movement, the rights protection movement and the anti-cultural movement have placed the United States in an unstable position. During this period, protectionism, command and mixed economy reached its peak.
Emergency School
This school began in the 1960s. The School of Emergency Management focuses on applying management principles and processes that are determined by each unique situation. In the theory of contingency, leadership of leaders depends on various contextual factors. Its applications have been managing issues such as organizational design, job design, motivation, and leadership style.
Some of the major contributors are Fred Federer, Joan Woodward and Paul Lawrence. The accident theory points out that the leadership ability of a leader depends on various situational factors.
It is clear that these schools have made significant contributions to modern management. These early achievements provide a blueprint for organizing the current leadership paradigm.
References:
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SEDL. (year 2006). The history of leadership research. Received from http://www.sedl.org/change/leadership/history.html on February 10, 2006.
Sorenson, G. (2002). The history of leadership research: The role of James McGregor burns. American Association for Political Science. 1-16.
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Orignal From: The Evolution of Leadership: An Academic Perspective - Nu Leadership Series
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